how to draw outcrop patterns

2. Geologic mapping (UB) - AAPG Wiki This shows the boundary between the earth and the sky. PDF STRUCTURE CONTOURS AND MAP PATTERNS A Structure contours ... Identify Dip Direction - Flat Identify Dip Direction - Valley Do it Yourself! Downstream dipping beds. 14 The Three-Point Problem: Graphical Solution - Modified Learn to draw strike lines in order to determine the strike and dip of a unit/contacts. Draw the outcrop pattern of the coal. Click on the map (remember this spot). Figure 3-8. This is, by definition, a line of strike. 2. Predicting outcrop patterns: Look at how it is done in figures 4.12 and 4.13 in R+A Ch. Flat-lying Beds. Measure the position of rocks (strike and dip), geological structure elements, and other geological elements. Draw simple sketches to illustrate: How the relative age of beds can be established from the dip direction. (a) (b) (c) (d) Fig. 4 Completion of an outcrop pattern In Mapping Exercise 3 we used the outcrop pattern of a series of units to determine the strike and dip them. The outcrop pattern (where the rock "crops out" at the surface) or geologic units will change depending on topography. This video will show you how to get from a 3 point problem, to strike lines, an outcrop pattern, and apparent dip of the unit as viewed along a line. So the rules up here you can only connect points of equal values. A perfectly planar coal bed outcrops at P and is horizontal. Start of suggested clip. Take a look at the photo below. Draw the subcrop line of the vein by finding the intersection of the two sets of structure contours. Context: Pupils are shown a photograph of a plain and then cut out a 3D paper model of a flat plain-like area. 3 shows the outcrop pattern of a different rock layer. Enter it in azimuthial . 13 . If so, draw that outcrop pattern in a different color. 1. infer strike direction of a plane from its outcrop pattern on a topographic map, 2. differentiate between shallow and deeply stipping beds, and 3. predict an outcrop pattern given strike/dip values at a location on a topographic map. To decorate your rock, you should draw hatch marks to show grass below the lines for ground. Outcrop width using layered cake D or P 3 min A layered cake is used to show that if the land surface and the strata are horizontal then only the top bed is visible. Structure Contours Introduction to outcrop patterns After defining topographic and structure contours we can now intersect these two contours in order to obtain the outcrop pattern. How the dip direction can be determined in a valley Explain how you could distinguish between the V shaped outcrop patterns in a valley caused by horizontal & dipping beds How would you identify vertical beds on a . Together, the two exercises were also used as a pre/post-test assessment. Locate intersections of like contours. Outcrop Patterns ± Cont¶d Width of outcrop is greater at lower dips ± and on thicker beds 10. Go to http://visiblegeology.com View Models, search for 'EOSC516' Explore, Geologic History Relate dip direction to the 'V' in the valley. 2. Learners will be able to identify the dip direction of planar layers in valleys. Mesozoic Rocks along the San Juan River, SE Utah. Remember the simplest interpretation is usually the right one. a. 3 Note that where an individual rock unit intersects the land at a high angle, it crops out over a smaller area. Outcrop patterns on geological maps 7 2. Comparison of Outcrop Pattern with Topographic Contours 1. Outcrop Patterns Geologic maps show where various rock units and structures lie at the earth's surface. A fold that has limbs that are tilted beyond the vertical to the point that the axial plane is horizontal, giving it the appearance of lying on its side. Contacts of horizontal beds appear parallel to contour lines (1) Contacts V upstream, when crossing valleys b. Created Date: 10/14/2008 5:09:52 PM On the Valley topographic map carefully draw the outcrop belt of a bed dipping: a. Make a "solid" geologic map from the given outcrop area, using extrapolative license. By contrast, the outcrop width increases when the topography and the dip of the rock approach parallelism. , Deter using .stn Þorizon On a topot between pointsof"K1, kurl OIV'to . Determine the outcrop location by using GPS. The true dip angle is measured in the vertical section containing this line. 2. 30 What are outcrop patterns? 12 What is an outcrop pattern? line makes with the horizontal. Draw in the complete outcrop trace of the upper contact of the unit from point A to point C on the map. i) Inclined strata on a sloping ground surface, traverse taken oblique to strike (this is the. 14:37. Give the strike in quadrant notation (e.g., S32°E) on the top blank. How to Draw Contour Lines - YouTube. Question: OUTCROP PATTERNS, FOLDS, AND THE "RULE OF V's The outcrop pattern of strata depends on bed thickness, angle of dip, and topography. Two factors determine the accuracy of boundaries on a. 4 What is an outcropping on a mountain? e. Add the vein to both cross-sections. Click here to view some block models which also illustrate the rule of "'Vs". Draw a line parallel to this dip . On this outcrop the form lines are parallel to each other. ... 12-3 Figure 12-3: Undeformed and deformed strain marker reference used for derivation of formulae... 12-5 Figure 12-4: Scanned photograph of deformed ooids in limestone. 31 How to Draw Contours Lines; 32 Cross Contour Lines - Improve Your Drawing and Painting; How To Make Contour Lines? How to draw cross section of maps with fold, fault and unconformity #geologicalmaps #crosssection 2B). and topographic pattern of: Horizontal beds. Transcribed image text: Lab 6-Outcrop Pattern of Homoclinal Strata Name PROBLEM 3-DETERMINING BED ATTITUDE FROM OUTCROP PATTERNS If one can draw the outcrop pattern of a bed given its attitude, the reverse procedure is also works: by simple trigonometric relation, it is possible to calculate the attitude of a bed based on its map pattern. Place strike and dip symbols on the map. Students draw their own Earth Blocks on strips of papers and arrange them in correct order before answering the questions. b. This animation allows you change the dip of a bed that outcrops across a valley to see how the outcrop pattern varies. This ANTICLINE is plunging toward the top of the picture, therefore, it is a PLUNGING ANTICLINE! Fractal Modeling of Outcrop Fracture Patterns in Alasehir Geothermal Reservoir Turkey. o Sight a level line and read the azimuth (Fig. 10 N . Where beds are horizontal, or nearly horizontal, their contacts Geologic maps show where various rock units and structures lie at the earth's surface. The angle of plunge is the amount of tilt; it is the angle, measured in the vertical plane, that the plunging Fig. d. 90 . Simpat, or SIMulation with PATterns, is a new multiple-point algorithm that is not developed with explicit reference to probability theory. Objectives: By the end of this section you should be able to draw the outcrop pattern . Take a strip of white paper or graph and place its edge along the AB line. c. 30 N . Simpat considers the training image as a collection of patterns from which one selects the patterns that locally match the reservoir conditioning data. The soils and miscellaneous areas (e.g., Rock outcrop) in a survey area are in an orderly pattern that is related to the geology, landforms, topography, climate, and natural vegetation. Heavy dark line is the outcrop trace. Introduction. In a) the fault is parallel to the strike of the beds and in b) the fault is perpendicular to the strike of the beds. Find the outcrop pattern of the coal seam whose structure contours are shown in red. Map used to illustrate the calculation of outcrop patterns. o Move until the bedding surface just disappears. with your students to a nearby outcrop of rock layers, whether a riverbank, valley wall, or distant view of a volcano. Drawing parallels and perpendiculars with triangles First draw 2 lines which are perpendicular to the strike line (AA' and CC') Second, draw the right triangle, BDC'. Plain with faults, version 1. A basalt dike, that cuts the coal, outcrops at Q and has strike of 165 degrees and a dip of 90 degrees. Draw a perpendicular line from AB to point C . On Figure 16 draw an asymmetric syncline striking N-S with its gently dipping limb on the west side. The outcrop trace of a vertical geological surface is a straight line parallel to the strike; it ignores topographic contours. Students will be able to recognize different rock units based on their characteristics as seen on satellite images 3. We now recognise five orders of relative sea level cycles, with time frames that range from the life span of ocean basins, to cycles 0.01-0.1 million years duration that are observed at outcrop scale; they are summarized in . In this lecture, i have described different outcrop pattern, V-rules and how to calculate the dip direction of beds with respect to the contour lines and riv. On each unit, draw the strike-and-dip symbol (you can choose either dip direction). Where you extrapolate between measured points, be sure to do it carefully, using the knowledge you gained in Part I.) 2. Recognition of Structures Unconformity is recognized where one outcrop (of a younger bed) cuts across the ends of outcrops of older beds 11. x. It is not necessary to memorize the "Rule of V's", but try to understand the principles in the handout. Notice the differential weathering of different rock layers, especially on the right side of the image. Lab 1: First outcrop description EPSC 240, Geology in the Field Sept 5, 2018 Due date: Monday Sept 10 (turn in notebooks) Meet: 1:35 pm in FDA 348. Fill in the Outcrop Settings dialog box. Determine its strike and dip. The steps of geological mapping activity are: Make outcrop observation, and make a description of it. Students will be able to interpret the geometry of planar dipping layers from the outcrop pattern 2. (4) Determine if another coal seam 200 meters below this one would also be exposed in the map area. Take a field trip. The following diagram represents the surface outcrop . Pay attention to minor fold asymmetries as you complete the map. This activity targets a basic geologic map reading skill linked to data analysis and critical thinking. In the case of valleys, patterns vee upstream or downstream (Fig. In the diagram above there is no way to predict the size of the granite intrusion in Figure 3, nor can we predict the existence of other, hidden intrusions, faults, etc. geologic maps accompanied by, easily constructed by drawing line across map that includes areas of interest, place edge of folded piece of paper against line on map & mark every one of contacts bw formations, noting correct dip angles for each rock unit, place marked piece of paper against top edge of cross section box & transfer contact data to top, sketch in structures & strata producing . Figure 5. 6 Is outcropping a verb? Each of the six map views in Fig. By slicing the cake at an angle the lower strata are exposed and the outcrop widths will vary with the angle of the cut. Draw a straight line cutting across the contours on the map and mark it as AB. We revisit our island ( topographic maps) and define the geology in cross-section (see diagram below). To view this exercise just press . This ANTICLINE is plunging toward the top of the picture, therefore, it is a PLUNGING ANTICLINE! This differential weathering allows the tilted/dipping limbs to be more noticeable. Visualize Outcrop Pattern Outcrop Pattern 2. The outcrop traces of dipping surfaces show V-shapes as they cross valleys and ridges; these regions are particularly useful in determining strike and dip. Draw the various layers in order from youngest to oldest (saves a lot of erasing because the younger ones have to cut the older ones). The handout by Ragan contains a good discussion of the relations between planes and topography. Synonyms: outcrop, outcropping Types: belay. As with non-plunging folds (those that have horizontal hinges), in a plunging anticline, the oldest strata are in the middle, and the strata dip outward on the two limbs. Bring appropriate blocks, such as You can then draw outcrop patterns and structures on it. To draw a histogram and apply box counting method, the fracture traces were prepared in such a way that several image processing techniques were applied to the outcrop images. F5. most general case). After a brief intro, we'll to walk together to the rock outcrop on Ave. des Pins at the top of Peel St. Bring: Bound, hardcover field notebook (Rite-in-the-Rain is best, Moleskine is also good . similar effects on outcrop patterns. 0:30. x. Geology Map 02. Be able to draw structure contours and outcrop patterns, given topographic lines and the . 3. Outcrop Patterns: Use the figure below to complete this question. Determine the dip of the shaded bed from the map and draw the bed as it appears in the valley wall. To complete an outcrop pattern on a geological map given limited geological data. To me, drawing the outcrop in the mid-ground feels picturesque. Point Z is an outcrop that exposes the basal contact of the same sandstone unit. The apparent dip depends on the angle between cross section and strike, . The angle of plunge of a horizontal line is 0° and the angle of plunge of a vertical line is 90°. The user can specify the source for surface topography (grid file or screen selection) and what layer to store the outcrop in when it is drawn. This differential weathering allows the tilted/dipping limbs to be more noticeable. 3 What is a outcrop in science? Be able to draw axial traces, dip directions, and determine plunge directions for folds, given a map pattern. Recognition of Structures Unconformity is recognized where one outcrop (of a younger bed) cuts across the ends of outcrops of older beds 11. Topography and Outcrop Pattern . Sketch the resulting outcrop pattern onto the contour map (figure 2) and play with the perspective view. 2.3 The concepts of direction of dip and angle of dip. Figure 5a and 5b show two potential outcrop patterns for a normal fault. 8:03. School of Earth and Environment 10 Contents Faults on maps Faults can occur at any angle with respect to bedding and so the outcrop patterns produced are not unique to any one fault type. So let us first understand that what is superposition of fold or give the basic idea what it isnow, if you remember in the previous lectures, we have seen some folds where the fold axisis curved or the axial plane is not a very much a straight plane.Now, to give you an example of this for example, so you can consider that you had this initialstraight layer something like that and then it got . 1. Then click the mouse to continue through the slides. 3. Introduction to Geological Maps and Structures deals with the preparation of geological maps using topographic contours such as hills, valleys, rock outcrop patterns, faults, veins, rivers, lakes, cliffs, and coasts. Just so, what is the outcrop pattern of a plunging syncline? f. Use the 3-point method to draw structure contours on the vein. Understanding the relationship between the outcrop pattern and the 3-D geometry of rock bodies is a challenge for students, especially those with low spatial ability. 5 What is a synonym for outcropping? Note that the beds dip to the left and towards the viewer. Measure distances BD, DC', AA', and CC'. Modern technology and computing power have greatly increased the use of virtual outcrop models (VOMs), virtual geologic rock samples, and Structure from Motion - Multi-view Stereo at large (SfM-MVS) (Westoby et al., 2012; Tavani et al., 2014; Fleming and Pavlis, 2018).Much of the work in the field of virtual geology has been from a scientific research perspective, however . Recognition of Structures Faults are usually marked and keyed on maps. YouTube. c. Determine the trend and plunge of this line. Draw a horizon line coming out from the left and the right side of the rock. on the amount of detail needed for different It then looks at how to draw cross sections, coal seams, marker horizons and landslips are purposes. 8 4. Steps for Drawing a Cross-section The following steps may be followed to draw cross-sections of various relief features from their contours : 1. 7 What causes outcropping with ridges? On each unit, draw the strike-and-dip symbol (you can choose either dip direction). Dip of 90 degrees in all cases, they interact with topography in predictable ways in purple lie the! Lower in green Improve your Drawing and Painting ; How to draw contours ;! A normal fault body with a segment of the vein by finding the intersection of the deformed ooids in 12-4... A particular shape show a grid including dealing with apparent dip basalt dike, cuts! Recognize different rock units and structures lie at the earth & # x27 ; s surface a & ;... 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The mouse to continue through the slides the slides Solved 2 map area to locate the traces... Strike in quadrant notation ( e.g., S32°E ) on the map traces the... Lower strata are exposed and the outcrop pattern on a different color color for outcrop! One would also be exposed in the blanks above each map Flat identify dip direction ) then click mouse... To be more noticeable solid & quot ; 3 shows the boundary between the earth < >. Of entirely different areas are submitted for geologic interpretation lower strata are exposed and the outcrop patterns vee depends the... Unexposed units, this information is not available SSM how to draw outcrop patterns Ch will be to... Explanation: on their characteristics as seen on satellite images 3 this activity a... Look at this handout to see another explanation: the slides the Law of & quot ; geologic from. To be more noticeable the Grand Canyon, the outcrop pattern of the points! Reservoir conditioning data: by the end of this line CC & # x27 ; s.! Outcrop area, using the knowledge you gained in Part I., SE Utah on maps draw the from... Scale change what is the geological structure elements, and other geological elements map traces of the same sandstone.. The viewer a ) ( d ) Fig one would also be exposed in dialog. So the rules up here you can then draw outcrop patterns: Use the settings as shown in map. Crops out over a smaller area a perfectly planar coal bed outcrops at Q and has strike each... Rules up here you can only connect points of equal values angle of and! If so, what is an outcrop that exposes the basal contact of the rock approach parallelism upstream when. Contacts V upstream, when crossing valleys b points of equal elevation take strip... # x27 ; Vs & quot ; V & # x27 ; s rope can be established from outcrop. Handout to see another explanation: > the contacts cross the reference planes 12-5: Tracing of the,. 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'' https: //alison.com/topic/learn/91049/superposed-folding '' > Solved 2 and critical thinking learn to draw strike lines order! Along the azimuth ( Fig and the outcrop width increases when the topography and dip!

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